10 Ugliest Uniforms in Baseball History

"There is more importance attached to the selection of a regular uniform for a base ball club than the fraternity generally think there is...one of the last things a club should do, is to change the colors or form of its uniform." 

These were the words of wisdom of Henry Chadwick, one of the founding fathers of organized baseball.  Way back in 1869 Chadwick knew that the appearance of a team made a big difference in how the team is perceived by the public.  Quite often people form allegiances based on locality, but just as often, appearance of the uniform makes a big difference in choosing sides.  The eye catching colors of the Giants' black and orange, the crisp blue and white of the Dodgers, the classy look of the Tigers' olde English D, the traditional blue pinstripes of the Yankees all play a part in the image of the organization as a whole. 

Twenty years later the 1889 Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book, quoted Rule #17 as stating that "Every Club shall be required to adopt uniforms for its players, and each player shall be required to present himself upon the field during said game in a neat and cleanly condition..."  Of course, Spalding's being a sporting goods company, the back of that guide to the upcoming season featured an ad urging "clubs not to make the mistake of entrusting the making of their uniforms to local dealers, whose experience in this kind of work is necessarily limited."  At that time the top quality jersey would have cost you $5.00.    That's a hell of a bargain considering a replica Josh Hamilton jersey, not the expensive authentic replica,would cost you $100 plus tax plus shipping and handling.   The 1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms (the ancestors of the Dodgers) could have clothed their first and second nines with top quality uniforms (with some left over) for that amount.

Over the years some teams have paid particular attention to the continuity of their uniforms (the Yankees have made only minor changes to their uniforms since the early 1920's) while others seem to change every ten years or so (the Padres, Mariners, Astros and Angels were all expansion teams but have all continuously changed uniforms, color schemes and logos).

Some uniform changes are widely successful and others are disastrous.  Below are my choices for the ten ugliest uniforms in the history of the sport:

10. 1963-1974 Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
Charles Finley always tried to find new ways to draw attention to his teams.  Frequent readers will remember his antics as they were chronicled during our focus on baseball in music series.  Finley took over majority ownership of the Athletics in 1961 when they were in Kansas City.  The A's were one of the original American League teams and had used red and white or blue and white (occasionally a combination of all three) since the league began in 1901. Just a few years after Finley took over the team , in 1963, the color scheme changed drastically to Kelly Green and Canary Yellow.  The combination was usually used with a yellow shirt and white pants but as you can see from the picture of Vida Blue below, they sometimes used yellow pants with the yellow jerseys.  As ugly as these uniforms were the A's were very successful during their use.  In the time that they wore these uniforms the A's won division titles in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1975 and won three straight World Series in 1972, 1973 and 1974.

Photo of Vida Blue in 1971 Oakland Athletics Courtesy of Sports Illustrated

Portrait of 1968 Oakland Athletics Uniform Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

9. 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates
Similar to the Athletics organization, the Pittsburgh Pirates used a varying red and white or blue and white color scheme for decades.  Although we might find it hard to believe that any team in Pittsburgh would use any color scheme other than black and gold, Pirates legends Honus Wagner, Fred Clarke, Paul and Lloyd Waner and Pie Traynor never appeared in what we consider the traditional Pirates colors.  In 1946 the Pirates were purchased by a group that included the legendary entertainer Bing Crosby and two years later the team adopted the now famous black and gold.  The uniform had small variations throughout the years and were usually pretty nice looking but the 1979 "We Are Family" team used the gaudy all Canary Yellow combination seen in the below photo of Willie Stargell.  Also similar to the Oakland A's, the Pirates won the World Series the year these uniforms were used, coming back from a 3 games to 1 deficit to defeat the Baltimore Orioles.

Photo of Willie Stargell in 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates Uniform Courtesy of ESPN

Portrait of 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

8. 1982-1986 Chicago White Sox
This won't be the last time you see the White Sox on this list but these uniforms (seen modeled below by Pitcher Lamaar Hoyt) are definitely hideous.  It could be the font of the Sox across the chest, the odd positioning of the numbers on the leg or just the odd striping patterns that make these uniforms among the ugliest ever.  Regardless, the ChiSox won the 1983 American League West but lost in the American League Championship Series to the Baltimore Orioles.  These uniforms lasted until 1986.  They were replaced for a few years by slightly nicer uniforms with the same color scheme but with a script "White Sox" on the home jersey and "Chicago" for the away jersey.  The current black and white (a throw back to the days of the early years in the league) were debuted in 1990.

Photo of Lamaar Hoyt in 1983 Chicago White Sox Uniform Courtesy of Bleacher Report

Portrait of 1986 Chicago White Sox Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

7. 2012 Miami Marlins
The Marlins have been in the league since 1993 and chose an odd Teal, Black and Gray color scheme to start off their existence.  They used variations of that color scheme until 2012 when the team had a complete overhaul.  As the team prepared to embark on a new chapter by moving into a brand new stadium with a new manager and a ton of new high priced free agents, they decided to change their uniforms and logo as well.  The team must have had little left in the budget for uniforms after the price of the stadium and payroll because the uniforms looked like a company softball uniform.  A debate can probably be started to discuss what was the bigger disaster:  the uniforms or the play on the field?

Photo of Heath Bell in 2012 Miami Marlins Uniform Courtesy of Yahoo Sports

Portrait of 2013 Miami Marlins Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

6. 1975-1986 Houston Astros
When the Houston Colt .45's renamed themselves the Astros for the 1965 season, they switched their uniforms to a fairly simple "Astros" across the chest with a shooting star across the top.  The color scheme changed from a blue and white (with hints of orange) to an orange and white combination for the 1970 season.  Starting in 1975, they apparently couldn't bring themselves to decide on just two colors because their uniform had a little bit of everything but green in it.  Amazingly, some of the greatest Astros in the history of the organization wore the rainbow uniforms.  Nolan Ryan, Mike Scott, Glenn Davis and Jose Cruz all spent the best parts of their careers in hideous fashion.  The results are what matter and the Astros won.  The team reached the playoffs in 1980, 1981 and 1986. All three times they lost to the eventual World Series champions (1980 Phillies, 1981 Dodgers and 1986 Mets). 

Photo of Jose Cruz in 1980 Houston Astros Uniform Courtesy of Houston Astros.com

Portrait of 1986 Houston Astros Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

5. 1916-1917 Brooklyn Robins
We rarely see major variations of the base color of uniforms.  Throughout history home uniforms are usually solid white and road uniforms are solid gray with a logo, team name or city name across the chest.  The most common drastic difference is the pinstriped look that we see on the Yankees, Phillies or White Sox uniforms, for example. When I was recently reading up on the 1916 World Series I came across these beauties (modeled below by manager Wilbert Robinson) with the checkered pattern.  At any rate, they were only in use for two seasons but made an appearance in the 1916 World Series as the Dodgers lost to Babe Ruth and the Red Sox.

Photo of Wilbert Robinson in 1916 Brooklyn Robins Courtesy of Wikipedia

Portrait of Brooklyn Robins 1916 Uniform Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

4. 1916 New York Giants
The Giants-Dodgers rivalry was in the infant stages but was rarely more vicious than at this time.  The intensity of the rivalry at this period can largely be attributed to the hatred that grew between Wilbert Robinson and John McGraw, formerly the best of friends.  Coincidence or not, the Dodgers and Giants both sported the checkered pattern uniforms during the 1916 season.  The Dodgers had success with the pattern in 1916, reaching their first World Series.  The Giants did not and switched back to their previous pinstripes in red with a gray road uniform in 1917.  Apparently there is something to the success of a uniform as they returned to the World Series for 1917.  The classic Giants black and orange (the reason Duke Snider would hate Halloween) would not come to the Giants until John McGraw had retired.  The now famous Giants colors were introduced by McGraw's replacement, Bill Terry.

Photo of George Kelly in 1916 New York Giants Uniform Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

Portrait of 1916 New York Giants Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

3. 1972-1973 San Diego Padres
The Padres may be able to consider themselves lucky that they weren't wearing floppy shoes and red wigs but we can doubt that any of them thought it could get any worse than these uniforms.  The Padres were owned by Ray Kroc, owner of McDonald's, who decided to dress his players in the same color scheme as his hamburgers.  The all beef colored brown with the mustard colored uniforms were only used for two seasons but the color scheme remained in variations up until 1985 when they moved to a more white, brown and orange scheme.  In the picture below Don Zimmer is seen looking pensive.  Considering Zimmer has worn the Dodgers, Red Sox, Yankees and Cubs classic uniforms it kind of makes you wonder how disgusted he was wearing this thing.

Photo of Don Zimmer in 1972 San Diego Padres Uniform Courtesy of ESPN

Portrait of 1972 San Diego Padres Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

2. 1975 Cleveland Indians
For the second ugliest uniforms in the history of baseball it was only fitting that the image used would be one of the ugliest pictures in the history of baseball.  1975 was a monumental year for baseball.  The Big Red Machine dominated the National League.  The Red Sox, led by Fred Lynn and Jim Rice won the American League.  One of the greatest World Series of all time took seven classic games to be decided and Frank Robinson had the honor of being the first African American manager  in major league history.  Unfortunately for Frank he was manager of the Indians.   Since 1960 the franchise had finished higher than 4th only once, which was a third place finish in 1968 (21 games behind the first place Tigers).  Robby's bitter sweet appointment to the lowly Tribe can lead to the philosophical question: why do bad teams happen to great managers? Another great question would be why do bad uniforms happen at all?  The 1975 Indians had a new look roster including Robinson as the DH Player/manager and a new first baseman in Boog Powell.  Powell dressed in the uniform for the first time, looked in the mirror and told his team mates "I look like a massive blood clot."  Given Powell's size and shape he probably could have better compared himself to a ripe tomato.
 

Photo of Dennis Eckersley in 1975 Cleveland Indians Uniform Courtesy of ESPN

Portrait of 1975 Cleveland Indians Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

1. 1976 White Sox (3 games only)
Bill Veeck was very similar to Charlie Finley in some ways: always looking for ways to get people in the seats.  He was the mastermind behind Disco Demolition night and Five Cent Beer Night.  He once decided that the player's batting average was not as important a stat as their "failure percentage" and had his scoreboard operator display the percentage of times the batter had failed to get a hit.  The players were not too happy about that one but they flat out revolted when they were forced to wear Softball style uniforms with shorts.  Comiskey Park was not always well manicured so you can imagine the fear the players would have had of trying to slide in shorts.  Fortunately for the ChiSox Comiskey realized the mistake, or realized his players would probably completely revolt if he didn't switch back to normal uniforms.  After 3 games the shorts were gone.

Photo of Bucky Dent in 1976 Chicago White Sox Uniform Courtesy of ESPN

Portrait of 1976 Chicago White Sox Uniforms Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame

Have any other suggestions or a different list?  Email me your list or leave a comment.

Reflections on the Movie 42

*** SPOILER ALERT!  IF YOU HAVE NOT SEEN THE MOVIE "42" AND DO NOT WANT TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENS DO NOT READ PAST THIS LINE BUT PLEASE CHECK OUT THE PREVIEW THAT WAS COMPLETED LAST WEEK AND CHECK BACK HERE AFTER YOU HAVE SEEN THE MOVIE.  ALSO, I AM NOT A MOVIE CRITIC OR MOVIE EXPERT SO THE INFORMATION THAT FOLLOWS IS NOT A PROFESSIONAL, OR EVEN NECESSARILY INTELLIGENT REVIEW OF THE MOVIE. IN FACT LET'S NOT EVEN CALL IT A REVIEW.  WE'LL JUST CALL IT MY RAMBLINGS.***

Most of the time when I go into a movie with high expectations I walk away disappointed.  It could be because I am just not a "movie person".  I enjoy movies, I have nothing against movies but I am not someone who looks forward to movies or goes every weekend.  In fact I would rather watch an Astros-Expos game from 1970 than watch a critically acclaimed "masterpiece".  You can call me crazy (you wouldn't be the first or last) but I just don't enjoy movies that much.  So it was odd for me to be as excited to see "42" as I was.  Thankfully I can say I was not disappointed and enjoyed it even more than I expected.

Since my preview last week was based only on the IMDB page list of the cast I felt, while watching the movie, that last week's article did a fairly good job of preparing you for the movie.  Had I been able to see the movie before hand I would have been able to cut down the bios I provided as some of the people listed never truly appeared or were mentioned only in passing.  Although the information I provided to you in the preview was important in the grand scheme of the Jackie Robinson back story, the bios of Mallie Robinson, Jake Pitler (1st base coach), Carl Furillo, Rex Barney, Pete Reiser, Johnny Sain, Eddie Dyer, Stan Musial, Joe Garagiola, Billy Herman and the additional characters I expected would be mentioned, were not necessary as they were only mentioned in passing or not specifically mentioned but seen only briefly in the background.  I apologize for the over load of extra information but hopefully it was still helpful in understanding Jackie's season or at least entertaining for you.

I have very few complaints about the movie, in fact, the only complaint I actually have is that it was too short.  I would have loved to have seen more in the film about his season in Montreal with the minor league team and possibly the Dodgers' World Series appearance in 1947.  Overall the portrayals of the characters were convincing.  Harrison Ford truly looked like Branch Rickey and I never felt like I was watching Han Solo in a baseball movie.  I always felt I was watching Branch Rickey.  Also, Chadwick Boseman did a tremendous job of portraying Jackie Robinson.  His movements on the base paths and almost lunging swings at times were dead on accurate.  There was a moment where Jackie hits a single and is running down to first base.  The running style and movement looked so authentic to me that it could have been a newsreel film of Jackie from the 1940's.  As I mentioned above, I am not a film critic so you may read or hear the professionals disagree but in my opinion both main actors did a great job.

THE BEST MOMENT:
Hopefully if you are reading this you have already seen the movie.  If you haven't then I hope this will inspire you to go out and see it.  Without attempting to over personalize the moment, I have often tried to put myself in Jackie's position in this season and imagine how difficult the situation might have been but I never could quite wrap my head around it.  The pressure, stress, isolation and frustration must have been unbearable.  Not only was he facing the pressure of being the first African American in a game that was not necessarily ready for him, he had to learn Firstbase in the process.  Suffering from stomach ulcers, losing his hair, dealing night after night with taunts, threats and abuse.  He was constantly being told by one side, supporting him, that the fate of every African American with a dream of playing in the big leagues rested on his shoulders while constantly being pushed by the other side in attempts to make him fail.
The greatest moment of the movie was Jackie's reaction to Ben Chapman in the dugout tunnel as he breaks down.  As Branch Rickey attempts to support Jackie, Rickey explains that he cannot understand what he is going through because no one else has that experience or responsibility.  Even with his greatest supporters he is still all alone.  The emotion of the scene is probably as close as any of us will come to being able to see the experience through Jackie's eyes and realize just what he had to deal with. 

Historical inaccuracies:
My intention here is not to nitpick and criticize the film for some minor inaccuracies.  I completely understand that it is not possible (or a good idea) to make a film that is a 100% word for word historical retelling of an event and still make the film entertaining.  This film did an excellent job of telling the story quickly and the historical inaccuracies were done for specific effect.  Here are a few inaccuracies that I noticed:


Film:  Clyde Sukeforth was told before being sent to scout Jackie that he was bringing him to Brooklyn for the Major Leagues. 
In the film, the movie opens with Branch Rickey, Harold Parrott and Clyde Sukeforth in Rickey's office when Rickey drops the bombshell that he will break the color line.  Parrott immediately reacts by telling Rickey he can't do that.  Rickey convinces them it will happen regardless and they begin pouring over names that may be a possibility to break the color barrier.  Sukeforth is dispatched to bring Jackie back for a meeting and tracks him down at a gas station with the rest of his team.
Reality:
The reality is that Sukeforth was told to scout Jackie for the Brooklyn Brown Dodgers, a Dodgers negro league team.  Sukeforth went to Kansas City to watch Jackie play and give an actual scouting report on Jackie's play.  The scene of the team at the gas station was historically accurate in many points.  The Kansas City Monarchs were once stopping at a gas station to fill up their bus on a road trip.  When he was told that the players could spend their money on gas but not use the bathroom Jackie demanded that they move on to another station that would allow them full access.  This was definitely not where Sukeforth tracked them down.

Film:  Sukeforth, Parrott and Rickey pour over files of players trying to decide on what player to sign to a contract.  They dismiss Roy Campanella as "too sweet" and Satchel Paige as "too old".
Reality:
Roy Campanella was signed to a contract not long after Jackie.  He was much younger than Jackie and was not college educated as Jackie was.  Campanella was signed to play for the Nashua, NH Dodgers farm club and was sent by Rickey to integrate the New England League.  Campy once told Rickey: "I'm no pioneer.  I'm a ballplayer."  Campanella would go on to become one of the greatest Catchers of all time, a three time MVP, Hall of Fame member and was considered as managerial material twenty years before Frank Robinson became the first African American manager.    The dismissal of Campanella as being too sweet was definitely not accurate.  Campanella was a strong personality and was able to greatly control the game and take control of the pitching staff.Satchel Paige may have been dismissed as too old to break the color barrier but definitely would have been dismissed because of his quirky personality.  With the attention focused on the first African American player Paige certainly would have been viewed more as a novelty with his age (he was 38 or 40 or maybe 43 or 45 depending on what day he was asked and who was asking).  Something You May Have Missed in This Scene:
As the three Dodgers are discussing their options, there is a blackboard with a list of names.  Several names are circled and starred as potential options.  The men do not refer to the blackboard, it is just an incidental prop in the background.  It appeared too briefly for me to see all the names listed but I did catch one name starred and circled: Josh Gibson.  Gibson was only 33 at the time, was considered one of the greatest players the game has ever seen and was known as "the black Babe Ruth".  Although it is likely that he was a recognizable name, it is not likely he was seriously considered as an option to break the color barrier because of health issues.  In 1943 he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and refused surgery.  Suffering excruciating headaches and with  his mental state as a major question mark (whose wouldn't be in dealing with the constant pain?) they probably quickly ruled him out.  Adding the pressure that Jackie faced would not have been something that Gibson could have handled in addition to his failing health.  Larry Doby later said that Gibson was heartbroken at not being chosen to break the color barrier and missing the opportunity to play aganst the major league stars.  Gibson passed away on January 20, 1947, just a few months before Jackie's debut in Brooklyn, from a stroke.  He was only 35.

Film:  The petition started by the players asking Branch Rickey not to bring Jackie to the majors was initiated by Kirby Higbe.  Dixie Walker asks Higbe "Are you sure about this?"
Reality:
The petition was started by Dixie Walker.  Higbe signed the petition but later felt guilty about it and told Harold Parrott about the petition.  Parrott notified Rickey and Durocher which led to the speech by Durocher.

Film:  Burt Shotton is portrayed as an almost feeble, bumbling old man.  He gives a speech where he sounds more like a Mr.Magoo type character than a baseball manager.
Reality: 
Burt Shotton did tell the team "don't worry about Burt Shotton getting in your way.  You can win this pennant in spite of me", however, it was not quite the way it was portrayed in the movie.  He said these comments more as an ice breaker to defuse a tough situation.  The Dodgers were dealing with the attention of Leo Durocher's suspension as well as the added attention of Jackie's presence.  Shotton was not known to the Dodgers players and was not familiar with their roster.  He had not managed in the majors since a one game stint in 1934 in Cincinnati.  The comments were meant more to put the players at ease and let them know to just keep playing the way they had been and that they did not have to worry about him trying to change their style of play.  It was a savvy approach to a team that had very nearly reached the World Series the year before.


Film:  The series against the Phillies when Chapman and the Phillies taunt Jackie non-stop is in Brooklyn.  In between innings when Jack nearly has a breakdown Rickey comes and talks to him and comforts him telling him that he has to continue to fight through this.
Reality: 
This Phillies series took place in Philadelphia.  The verbal attacks on Jackie were very realistic and very difficult to watch.  Jackie's reaction was very realistic.  Jackie later said that he did consider punching Chapman and envisioned how that would play out, however, stayed strong and kept quiet.  He felt that he was near a nervous breakdown at that point.  Branch Rickey was not with the team on the road trip although Harold Parrott was keeping him up to date on the details of the series.  Eddie Stanky did tell Chapman "Why don't you pick on someone who can yell back", but he did not leave the dugout to do it.  It was done when the Dodgers were in the field.  Stanky's reaction to Jackie's thank you was relatively accurate.  Anyone who read the preview post will remember that Stanky told Jackie "I don't like you but we'll play together and get along because you're my teammate."

Film:  Fritz Ostermuller hit Jackie in the head.
Reality:
Ostermuller certainly pitched high and tight to Jackie and he definitely did not have good intentions but the pitch that hit Jackie actually hit his arm.  Jackie was able to get his arm up just in time to deflect the ball.

A FEW TRIVIAL THINGS YOU MAY HAVE MISSED:
These are certainly not key plot points or even important but there were several minor references and hidden props that you may not have noticed:
Branch Rickey's Ring:
Did anyone notice the ring that Branch Rickey wears throughout the movie?  Rickey was the Manager, Business Manager and eventually General Manager of the St. Louis Cardinals until 1942.  During the time he was involved with the Cardinals they reached the World Series in 1926, 1928, 1930, 1931 and 1942, winning the series in 1926, 1931 and 1942.  The ring he wears in the film is a World Series ring from his time with the Cardinals.

Kirby Higbe's rant after his trade:
After learning he has been traded to Pittsburgh (the worst team in the league) he rants about the terrible fate of being sent to the baseball graveyard and mentions that he was traded for cash and "some Italian outfielder named Gionfriddo".  Al Gionfriddo was a little known outfielder.  In the World Series of that year Gionfriddo would make one of the greatest catches in World Series history.  As game 6 moved into the sixth inning Shotton sent Gionfriddo out to play left field replacing Eddie Miksis.  The Dodgers led 8-5, the Yankees put two men on with two out and Joe DiMaggio at the plate.  DiMaggio hit a fly ball headed for the left field corner.  Gionfriddo felt that the team had him positioned too shallow but he got a great reaction to the ball.  "I started running with my back to home plate.  I looked over my shoulder once, and I could see the ball was still coming and I put my head down again and kept running and running and when I got to where I thought the ball would come down, I reached my glove out...I was up in the air when I got it."  It is one of the most replayed, spectacular catches of all time.  Even more replayed was DiMaggio's reaction.  As he rounded second in what most believed was a sure home run, DiMaggio kicked at the dirt in frustration.

Rachel Robinson walks down the street in Brooklyn:
The Dodgers in Brooklyn were truly a communal experience.  This was a small town team playing in New York and struggling to remain a community property.  It was often said that the entire city was in love with the team.  Obviously that is an exaggeration because no matter where you go you will never get everyone to agree on anything but the point was the Dodgers were beloved in the city of Brooklyn.  There is a legend in the Brooklyn Dodger literature that Red Barber (and later Vin Scully) were a part of the family and were invited into the home everyday by way of the radio.  The radio broadcasts were so popular that someone could walk down the street in Brooklyn and keep track of the game based on the radio broadcasts they overheard out of the windows.

Assist by Ralph Branca:
Ralph Branca was portrayed in the film as Jackie's main support among the players and Branca was definitely a supporter for Robinson in the first year.  However, he was credited with an assist at a key point in the movie that could not have happened.  As Jackie is tracking a foul ball toward the dugout he looks at the dugout to get his bearings and check how much room he has to make the catch.  Branca stands up, catches Jackie as he falls into the dugout and saves him from crashing into the dugout by tackling him onto the field.  This is sort of false.  Everyone has seen players stand up in the dugout to assist the player coming over to make  the play, although there is a rule.  The players in the dugout are not allowed to physically assist the player making the play.  Had Branca actually gone onto the field the play would have been called interference.  It would be a foul ball and any runners on base would advance one base.  It is likely that Dodgers players would have helped Jackie to stop his momentum from carrying him into the dugout but he definitely would not have moved into the field of play.

The Abraham Lincoln of baseball:
Branch Rickey has often been called the Abraham Lincoln of baseball for obvious reasons.  When Pee Wee Reese goes into Rickey's office there are bookends of Lincoln on the shelves behind his desk.

MY PETTY COMPLAINTS:
The first ever National League Playoffs:
There was a brief mention in the movie that the Dodgers had finished two games behind the Cardinals in 1946.  What they failed to mention is that the Dodgers and Cardinals were actually tied at the end of the regular season and for the first time in the history of the National League two teams played a best of three playoff series to determine the league champion and World Series representative.  The Cardinals won the first two games of the best of three meaning that they won two more games than the Dodgers.  There was no mention of the impact this had on the 1947 team coming into the season.  Regular playoffs did not occur until 1969 when the league went to a four division format. 

Pete Reiser:
Pete Reiser was one of the stars of the Dodgers and a particular favorite of Branch Rickey.  Frequent readers of the blog may remember the story that Rickey signed Reiser to a minor league contract with the Cardinals only to have Commissioner Landis void the contract.  Reiser had seen Jackie before, during their military days and refused to sign the petition started by Dixie Walker.  Although he was listed in the cast he played little or no part in the movie.

Walter O'Malley:
Walter O'Malley was a co-owner of the Dodgers and Rickey's arch rival.  After a power struggle, O'Malley wrestled control of the team from Rickey.  He has been villainized in Brooklyn for decades for his final decision to move the Dodgers to Los Angeles and the story of the Dodgers cannot be told without him.  I did not notice any mention or reference of him in the film.

Hank Greenberg:
This is a truly personal petty complaint so you'll have to forgive me on this one.  Since Greenberg retired long before anyone I know followed baseball there is no logical reason for my like of Hank Greenberg but for some reason (as frequent readers may notice) I love to make a reference to Greenberg who was truly one of the great players ever.  Knowing the part that Greenberg played in his support of Jackie and the appreciation that Jackie showed towards him I was very disappointed that Greenberg was not seen.  There was a very brief reference to Greenberg and it may have been missed.  As Ben Chapman is defending his taunting of Jackie he mentions that it was something that was done to everyone.  He mentions that DiMaggio was called a WOP and Greenberg was called a kike, as though that made everything ok.  That was the only reference to Greenberg.  As Jackie hit the dramatic home run off Ostermuller in Pittsburgh I was hoping to at least see a big old Pirates #5 as Jackie rounded first but sadly I didn't even see it there.  What?  I told you these were petty complaints!

Your Guide to 42: Watching the Movie Made Easy

The movie 42 is being released on April 12 and to be honest it has been a long time since I have been this excited for a movie.  Living in the LA area and loving the history of the game as I do, obviously I have read and researched Jackie Robinson quite a bit so I am going into this movie with what I feel is a pretty good understanding of how the people listed in the cast will be portrayed as well as what the key points of the film will be.  Recently, I was discussing the film with a friend and realized that not everyone will recognize the characters or know why they are important.  My intent with this article is to give anyone who plans to see the movie a better understanding of what you will be seeing and filling in the back story to allow you to focus on the movie with a clearer understanding of who everyone is.

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

KEY PLOT POINTS

Based only on what I have seen in the trailers and the cast list (found on imdb) it appears that there will be a few key focuses of the movie.

1. Jackie's life leading up to his signing with the Dodgers organization, his relationship with his wife Rachel, his relationship with Clyde Sukeforth (the scout who brought Jackie to Brooklyn) and his relationship with Branch Rickey (the Dodgers owner who decided to break the color barrier).
2. His 1946 season with the Dodgers farm team in Montreal, his relationship with his first manager, Clay Hopper, his acceptance by the Canadian fans and his fight to deal with the resistance of the white players and fans in the minor league.
3. A petition circulated by many of the Southern players (and some non southerners) on the Dodgers 1947 team asking Branch Rickey not to bring Jackie to the majors.  The petition, started by Outfielder Dixie Walker and signed by most of the southern players, as well as a few northerners, has become a controversy in the study of Jackie Robinson.  The petition has never been seen and some of the players accused of signing it say it never existed and several who claim it did exist say they never signed it.  In this storyline look for Pee Wee Reese and Pete Reiser, the two Dodgers stars, to refuse to sign it.
4. The Dodgers first game of the 1947 season against the Boston Braves.
5. The Dodgers first and second series against the St. Louis Cardinals where Enos Slaughter spiked Jackie, Joe Garagiola argued with Jackie and Stan Musial calmed Jackie down.
6. The Dodgers first series in Philadelphia where the Phillies, led by manager Ben Chapman, brutally taunted Jackie.  This was one of the first times that the team rallied in his support.  The reaction of the Dodgers and several others nearly cost Chapman his job.
7. The Dodgers series against the Pirates where Fritz Ostermuller threw at Jackie's head, Hank Greenberg showed strong support for Jackie and Kirby Higbe threw at Pee Wee Reese's head.
8. The eventual acceptance and support of Jackie's teammates and Jackie's success in the league.

It does not appear, based on the list of characters, that the movie will go past the 1947 season (there is no mention of Roy Campanella, Duke Snider, Gil Hodges or Carl Erskine), however, as mentioned above this is all speculation based solely on the previews and list of characters on the IMDB page.

CHARACTERS

Following is a list of characters you will see in the move broken into five categories:  1. Jackie and his family, 2.  Dodgers Management and Personnel, 3.  Dodgers Players, 4. Other league players and personnel and 5.  Individuals not listed but likely to appear in the film:

JACKIE AND HIS FAMILY
Jackie Robinson:

Photo Courtesy of walteromalley.com

Obviously Jackie Robinson is the focal point of the movie and one of the most recognizable players in the history of the game.  There will be many posts of Jackie to come (and some that have already mentioned him) but there are a few key life points that will obviously be important to know. Jackie was born January 31, 1919 in Cairo, GA.  His mother moved the family when Jackie was very young to live with her brother and his family in Pasadena, CA.  Jackie originally attended Pasadena Community College then went on to become a lettered athlete in baseball, basketball, track and All-American football star at UCLA and was the first student at the school to letter in four sports in the same year.  Jack left UCLA just before graduation and was hoping to work towards being an Athletic Director.  He went on to play professional football (not in the NFL) and ended up playing in Hawaii.  As he was returning from Hawaii after the season the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor.  Jack enlisted in the army and was in an officer training program.  While in the service he got into an argument with a white officer and was court martialed on exaggerated charges.  He was discharged, returned to the states and was offered a job playing in the negro leagues.  He was the Shortstop for the 1945 Kansas City Monarchs when he was approached by Clyde Sukeforth.

Rachel (Isum) Robinson:
Rachel Isum met Jackie Robinson when they were both students at UCLA.  Rachel was studying nursing and later went on to get a PhD in nursing becoming very successful and celebrated in the field.  Rachel and Jackie married and had a very successful marriage full of mutual love and support.  They had three children and without Rachel's support Jackie never would have succeeded in 1947.  The two were truly a team.  This is a perfect example of the saying that "behind every successful man is a successful woman".  Since Jackie's death in October 1972 Rachel has done a great job of preserving the legacy of Jackie Robinson and is often seen at events honoring his memory.

Mallie Robinson:
Mallie McGriff Robinson was one of 14 children born to Wash and Edna McGriff, slaves in the Cairo, GA area.  She married Jerry Robinson and had five children, Jackie being the youngest, and they worked as sharecroppers in Georgia.  Eventually Jerry left the family and Mallie could not afford to pay the rent on the land.  She packed up her five children and moved to live with her brother's family in Pasadena, CA.  She worked hard to support the five children and as they got older they helped support Mallie.  Her son Mack was an Olympic Athlete who finished second to Jesse Owens in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

DODGERS MANAGEMENT/PERSONNEL
Branch Rickey:

Photo Courtesy of Sports Illustrated

Branch Rickey was one of the most successful executives in baseball when he signed Jackie to a professional contract.  A deeply religious man he refused to work on Sunday, even when he was a Catcher for the Yankees and later manager of the Cardinals.  Rickey often told a story of his time as the coach at Ohio Wesleyan University.  When the team tried to check into a hotel before a road game at Notre Dame, Rickey was told the team would not be accepted if they planned to check in with Charles Thomas, their African American Catcher.  Rickey was able to convince the hotel to allow them to stay as long as Thomas did not sign the register and Thomas was only given a cot in Rickey's room, not an actual bed.  When Rickey got to his room Thomas was sitting on the edge of the cot, crying and scratching at his hands.  Rickey stopped and watched not knowing what to do.  Thomas just said "It's my skin.  If I could just tear it off I would be like everyone else."  Rickey went on to become an executive with the St. Louis Browns and St.Louis Cardinals, introducing the famous Cardinals logo of two birds perched on a baseball bat.  He revolutionized the sport by developing the first farm system of teams but he kept the terrible memory of Charles Thomas in his mind the rest of his life.  After Happy Chandler,  the new commissioner, made a statement known as the "four freedoms"statement, the door was open for Rickey to break the color barrier.

Clyde Sukeforth:
Clyde Sukeforth was sent by Branch Rickey to scout Jackie and was told he was scouting players for the Brooklyn Dodgers negro league team.  Sukeforth reported back to Rickey, brought Jackie in for the first ever meeting and was a longtime supporter of Jackie.  Frequent readers of the blog will remember that Clyde was featured in the series of articles focusing on players you may not know but should.

Clay Hopper:
Clay Hopper was a Southerner managing the Brooklyn Dodgers' farm team, the Montreal Royals, when Branch Rickey assigned Jackie to play for the Royals.  Hopper was appalled that he would be the first white manager to manage an African American player and begged Rickey to assign Jackie to another team because he was terrified of what his neighbors would do.  While watching Jackie in practice before the season Rickey turned to Hopper and said "Can you believe the play that man just made?"  The response summed up Hopper's beliefs.  He asked Rickey "Mr. Rickey, do you really think a n*****'s a human being?"  Hopper did his best to adapt to the situation ( if he didn't he would be out of a job) and to adapt to the changing world.  As the Dodgers continued to sign players to follow Jackie's success Hopper continued to manage Montreal.  Joe Black, Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe all played under Hopper and although his racial views may or may not have changed, Campanella said he never had any negative experiences with Hopper.

Larraine Day:

Photo Courtesy of Biography

Larraine Day was a famous actress best known for staring in the Dr. Kildare movie series along with Lew Ayres (husband of Ginger Rogers).  Day herself was married to actor Ray Hendricks, although she was carrying on an affair with Leo Durocher, the Dodgers manager.  Day and Hendricks sued each other for divorce on the grounds of infidelity and the scandal led to long time Dodger supporters, such as the Catholic Youth Organization, boycotting the team.  Already in hot water for his other issues, the Dodgers ordered Durocher and Day to end the relationship.  They refused, remained together and even married.  When Durocher moved to the Giants, Day was given a pregame radio program called "Day with the Giants".

Leo Durocher:

Photo Courtesy of Washington Post

Durocher is famous for many things but the most famous was the statement he probably never made: "Nice guys finish last."  He was originally signed by the Yankees but was released when Babe Ruth accused him of trying to steal his watch.  Durocher was part of Rickey's "Gashouse Gang" 1934 Cardinals and was a fierce competitor who was always ready for a fight.  Before the 7th game of the 1934 World Series the legendary Frankie Frisch asked Durocher to play a little closer to second because Frisch was concerned he was too exhausted to play with his normal range.  He told Frisch, who was also his manager, "Go get yourself a wheelchair if you can't cover your territory.  I'm not making myself look bad to make you look good."  Durocher's controversy didn't begin or end with the Larraine Day scandal.  His battles with Lee MacPhail were legendary.  Durocher was also known to associate with George Raft, a Hollywood actor and close friend of mobster Bugsy Siegel.  Happy Chandler demanded that Durocher cut ties with the mobsters (and Raft) or he would be disciplined.  When Durocher taunted MacPhail for having gamblers in his owner's box during a spring training game, MacPhail complained to Chandler and an investigation began.  While the investigation went on Jackie was in Spring Training fighting to be promoted from Montreal.  When Durocher found out about the petition signed by the southern players he called a team meeting.  He made it clear that the players better fall in line or deal with him. He yelled at the team "I don't care if he's yellow or black or has stripes like a god damn zebra.  I'm the manager of this team and I say he plays."  The day before Opening Day 1947 Durocher was suspended for his gambling connections.  He was replaced by Burt Shotton for the 1947 season but was back on the bench for 1948.  Durocher and Robinson did not get along.  When Jackie struggled at the start of the new year Durocher seemed to take it personally.  Durocher treated Jackie like he did his other players (with a lot of yelling) but Jackie did not respond well and the relationship soured.  Durocher was fired half way through the 1948 season and was immediately signed by the rival Giants igniting one of the most vicious periods of the rivalry.


Burt Shotton:

Photo Courtesy of Biography.com

Burt Shotton was forced into a tough situation.  The Dodgers had tied for first place in 1946 and were expected to challenge for the pennant in 1947.  The season started with the player revolt and the Durocher suspension followed very quickly after.  Rickey originally wanted Joe McCarthy, former Yankees manager, to take over but McCarthy refused.  Clyde Sukeforth was given a temporary job but convinced Rickey that Burt Shotton was the man for the job.  Shotton was known for wearing regular clothes in the dugout and not the usual full uniform.  When Durocher was let go half way through the 1948 season Shotton was brought back and managed through the end of the 1950 season.  When Cal Abrams was thrown out at the plate by Richie Ashburn to clinch a Phillies win over the Dodgers on the last day of the 1950 season Shotton was let go.

Harold Parrott
Harold Parrott was the Dodgers traveling secretary given the impossible task of coordinating the Dodgers travel plans for the 1947 season.  Parrott played a big part in keeping the balance on the team.  When the players signed the petition to ask Rickey not to bring Jackie to the Dodgers, Parrott was the one who learned of the player revolt and brought it to Rickey's attention.  Rickey told Parrott that he had confidence that everything would work out.  Rickey predicted there would be some kind of incident that would rally the team behind Jackie.

Red Barber

Photo Courtesy of Sports Illustrated

Red Barber, a southerner, was the Dodgers long time broadcaster who voiced his concerns to Branch Rickey about breaking the color barrier.  He may not have agreed with the signing at first, however, he quickly came to admire Robinson and was a great supporter of Jackie.  Barber worked with a young Vin Scully in Brooklyn to broadcast the Dodgers games and taught Scully everything he knew.  Shortly after Rickey sold his shares of the team to Walter O'Malley, Barber moved to the Yankees broadcast booth rather than working for O'Malley.

Jake Pitler
Jake Pitler was a first base coach for the Dodgers.  His Jewish background was used as a way to connect the team with the Jewsh community in Brooklyn.  Pitler was very supportive of Jackie.  During that first spring training Pitler told the press "It would be a crime not to let this boy come up because of his color."  Throughout the season Pitler routinely pointed out that Jackie was the motor that made the Dodgers go.


Dodgers Players:
Pee Wee Reese (Uniform #: 1):

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

One of many southern born players on the Dodgers, Reese was overseas in the military service when the news came out that Jackie had signed a contract with Brooklyn. Jackie had played Shortstop for the negro leagues, Reese's position.  When he was asked how he felt about Jackie possibly competing for Pee Wee's job, Reese said "if he can outplay me he deserves to play."  During Jackie's rookie season as the Dodgers were playing in Cincinnati Jackie was being heckled horribly.  During an in between inning warm up Pee Wee walked over to Jackie who was being called terrible names from the crowd.  He put his arm around Jackie's shoulder and just stood next to him looking at the crowd.  They didn't yell anything back to the crowd but it was a clear signal that the Dodgers players were standing by their teammate.  Reese and Robinson were very close friends.  They rarely hung out outside of the clubhouse but the two had an eternal respect for each other and loved to clown around before and after games.

Carl Furillo (Uniform # 6):

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

Furillo was one of the best players during the glory days of the Brooklyn Dodgers and one of the most misunderstood. An intense competitor, he was quiet, moody and with a quick temper. Furillo's part in the arrival of Jackie Robinson is full of controversy. When the Southern players drafted their petition they asked Furillo to sign it. What happened next depends on who you decide to believe. Furillo claims he flat out refused to sign it. Branch Rickey and later Buzzie Bavasi claimed Furillo had signed the petition. Some claimed Furillo signed it to keep Jackie out, while Bavasi claimed it was out of peer pressure and not out of any malicious intent. When the movie "Jackie Robinson Story" was released there was an Italian-American ballplayer who signed the petition but was not mentioned by name. Furillo was convinced that the player represented him and was furious he was being portrayed as a racist. It is not clear how he will be portrayed in the movie although based on the list of Dodgers players it appears he will be included in the group signing the petition. Jackie and Furillo were never close. Once asked what he would do if Jackie tried to take his job Furillo replied "I'd cut his legs off." Realizing how it would appear in print Furillo immediately went to Jackie and explained that although he said the words it was not intended as a racial comment but only in terms of a player fighting for his job. He had thought of the question only in terms of a baseball player trying to take his job and not as a racial question. Furillo did not socialize with Jackie outside the clubhouse (Furillo socialised with very few players) but on the field they supported each other.

Dixie Walker (Uniform #11):

Photo Courtesy of ESPN

Dixie Walker was born and raised in Georgia, as his name would suggest, and he was proud of his southern heritage.  Walker started his career in New York with the Yankees and is the only player to have played on the same team with Babe Ruth and Jackie Robinson.  While playing for the Yankees he was roomed with Ben Chapman, manager of the Phillies when Jackie broke into the league.  Walker was a fan favorite and important part of the improving Dodger organization.  The year before Jackie arrived Walker finished second in MVP voting as the Dodgers ended the regular season tied for first place with the Cardinals.  When Dixie found out that Rickey planned to bring Robinson to the Dodgers he gathered the southern players of the team together and started a petition asking Rickey not to force them to play with an African American.  From most sources Walker seems to be the main instigator of the petition idea (though the other players seemed to need little prodding).  Walker may not have liked Robinson but he learned to be professional around him and even helped Jackie in practices, something he would not do for other players.  When Duke Snider asked Walker for help on a play Walker told him "figure it out for yourself kid".

Eddie Stanky (Uniform #12)
Eddie Stanky had a good reason to fear having Jackie Robinson on the team. Stanky finished 7th in the MVP voting in 1946 for the Dodgers team that forced the first ever National League playoff. With Robinson playing a middle infield position and Pee Wee Reese, the team captain, at shortstop, it was clear where Jackie was destined to play. Stanky refused to sign the petition started by Dixie Walker, not necessarily because of Jackie, but out of loyalty to Branch Rickey. Stanky walked up to Jackie when he was officially given a spot on the Dodgers roster and said "I don't like you but we'll play together and get along because you're my teammate." As Ben Chapman and the Phillies launched an assault on Robinson, his teammates stood quietly by and let it happen. There was nothing they could (or would) do. Finally, during the third game in the Phillies series Stanky had had enough. "Hey you cowards, why don't you yell at someone who can answer back?" The Phillies did. Stanky was traded to the Boston Braves after the 1947 season and helped the Braves to their final National League Championship in Boston.

Ralph Branca (Uniform #20)

Photo of Ralph Branca Post Bobby Thompson's Home Run Courtesy of ESPN

Ralph Branca is remembered for one pitch.  In the 1951 playoff against the hated Giants, Branca threw the pitch that Bobby Thompson turned into "the shot heard around the world" which started Russ Hodges screaming "the Giants won the pennant!" for seemingly hours.  In 1947 he was still a young pitcher for the Dodgers and was several years away from infamy.  He was throwing a no hitter against the Cardinals when Enos Slaughter spiked Jackie at first.  According to Branca he told Jackie he would bean the next Cardinals batter in retaliation but Jackie told him not to worry about it and just worry about getting the outs.  Branca did not finish the no hitter but he did do a lot to support Robinson in his time with the Dodgers.  Branca had several uniform numbers through his years with the Dodgers.  In 1947 he wore number 20, however, you may also see him in a #12 or #13 uniform.  He wore unlucky #13 at the time of Thompson's legendary home run.  Branca was also the father in law of Bobby Valentine.

Spider Jorgensen (Uniform # 21)
Spider Jorgensen was a team mate of Robinson's in Montreal and came up to the Dodgers in 1947 along with Jackie.  Jorgensen was in the spring training camp when Jackie first joined the organization and said he didn't think too much either way of having Jackie on the team. Jorgensen had played with African Americans in Junior College and in the California summer leagues and he had no concerns with having Jackie on the team.  (Only 10 months younger than Jackie, and being from California, it is likely that Jorgensen would have heard of Jackie's success at UCLA).  Like Hermanski, Jorgensen was a good player, but not a great player and as a rookie he probably felt it better to keep quiet and focus on playing in the 1947 season.

Gene Hermanski (Uniform # 22)
Gene Hermanski was a good outfielder for the Dodgers but not a great player. He first came to the majors in 1943 and hit .300 in only 18 games. He served in the military in 1944 and 1945 but was back for 64 games in 1946, hitting only .200. Hermanski is usually absent from Robinson literature and seems to have kept relatively quiet. This is just speculation but it may be that as a native of Massachusetts, and as a relatively marginal player at the time he may have had little social contact with the Southern players. He probably also felt it was best to keep quiet, keep his head down and focus on playing. He played a big part in the Dodgers success in 1947 and 1949 and their success in the early parts of the 1951 season. He was traded to the Cubs in June of 1951 and played through the 1953 season ending his career with the Pirates.

Bobby Bragan (Uniform #24)
Bobby Bragan was a utility player, mostly playing at Catcher, born and raised in Birmingham, AL. He did not play in 1946 but was back on the roster in 1947 for Jackie's rookie season. When he learned that Robinson would join the big league Dodgers, he signed the petition started by Dixie Walker. He also had salary issues with management and demanded to be traded. Bragan played in only 34 more games for the Dodgers over the next two seasons before retiring. He deeply regretted the petition he signed and went on to manage in the majors. Bragan's uniform number may also appear as#15. He wore #15 during the years 1943 and 1944. When he returned to the roster in 1947 he was given uniform #24.

Hugh Casey (Uniform #25)
Hugh Casey was one of the southern players who almost immediately sided with Dixie Walker when the idea of a petition was put forth. He and Jackie were never friends and Casey often made racial jokes in front of Jackie. Although they were not friends, Casey often worked with Jackie in practice and often defended him against other teams.

Rex Barney (Uniform #26)
Rex Barney was on the mound warming up in Cincinnati when the crowd started to verbally attack Jackie and Reese famously put his arm around Jackie's shoulder.  Barney would later say that Jackie was "the most exciting player I have ever seen- not the best but the most exciting."  Barney was a pitcher with a lot of potential but was often wild.  Going into the 1947 season he had pitched in 27 games and had a 4-7 record in parts of two seasons. He would go on to a 5-2 record in 1947.  His best season was 1948 when he went 15-13 with a 3.10 ERA.  His wildness continued to get worse as his career progressed and his career never got back on track.  After his playing days Barney worked for years as the stadium announcer in Baltimore.  He was known to say "Give that fan a contract!" anytime a fan made a nice catch on a foul ball and the end of announcements would often be completed with an exaggerated "Thank You!" extending the word you.  Following the Orioles last game played in Memorial Stadium the Orioles had a ceremony to celebrate the legends of the franchise.  The last sound that came over the PA of Memorial Stadium was Rex Barney's "Thank Youuuuuuu!"

Pete Reiser (Uniform #27)

Photo Courtesy of Wikipedia

Fans of the blog will remember the stories of Pete Reiser from the recent series of articles about players you may not know but should. Despite his many injuries and deteriorated state, the US Army called Reiser into duty and stationed him at Fort Reilly. The fort had a baseball team and obviously they wanted Reiser,a great star in the league at the time, on the team. As they were practicing they saw an African American Sergeant walk up to the field and just stand there watching not sure how to go about getting onto the team. The coach turned to him and told him he would "have to go play for the black team" which everyone knew didn't exist. Reiser did not clarify if he laughed along with the coach at the joke or kept silent but he did say that it was the first time he had seen Jackie Robinson and he would forever remember Jackie quietly walking away. Reiser was no pioneer in civil rights but he saw no reason Jackie shouldn't play. When Dixie Walker asked Reiser to sign the petition, Reiser told a story about his daughter being desperately ill while on vacation. The Reiser's looked up the closest doctor and went immediately. The doctor, who happened to be African American, treated Pete's daughter who immediately recovered. After telling the story he asked Walker what he would have done if he had been in that situation. Walker said he would have turned around and walked out of the doctor's office. Reiser told him he was a fool and flat out refused to sign Walker's petition.

OTHER LEAGUE PLAYERS/PERSONNEL:
Happy Chandler
Chandler was the second commissioner of baseball.  Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis (the first) died  in 1944 Chandler replaced him (after a brief interim commissioner) and immediately showed that he intended to run things differently.  Landis had repeatedly said publicly that there was no ban on African-Americans playing in the Major Leagues but behind the scenes made it clear that he would not allow it.  Chandler was different.  Chandler was asked by two African American reporters whether he would continue Landis's policy.  He responded "I'm for the four freedoms and if a black man can make it at Okinawa and go to Guadalcanal, he can make it in baseball." Chandler, born and raised in Kentucky, was widely criticised by southern fans.

Johnny Sain (Uniform #33 for Braves)
There was a clear game plan for the Braves in the 1940's and 1950's. The pitching staff was "Spahn then Sain, then pray for rain". Sain won 20 games in 1946 and would win another 21 in 1947. On April 15, 1947 Sain started the opening day game against the Dodgers and was the first pitcher to face Jackie Robinson in a regulation Major League game. Sain had a great amount of success against Jackie and throughout the years Jackie struggled to hit Sain's curve ball. Sain would win 24 games in 1948 as the Braves reached the World Series and would later go on to be a long time pitching coach for the Yankees.

Ben Chapman (Phillies Manager):

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

Chapman will likely be the villain in the movie.  He played for the Yankees in the early 1930's and was often the center of controversy in his playing days.  He was known around the league as a borderline dirty player and during the 1933 pennant race with the Senators he repeatedly spiked the Senators Second baseman Buddy Myers and had several altercations with the Senators team.  Chapman also got into trouble in New York when he made several off color jokes about Jewish fans.  When DiMaggio joined the Yankees Chapman became expendable and was traded.  He eventually wound up in Philadelphia and was player-manager beginning in 1945.  Chapman was born and raised in Alabama and was not shy about letting the world know he was against the integration of any institution, not just baseball.  When the Dodgers visited Philadelphia for the first time, Chapman began a barrage of abuse against Jackie and ordered his players and coaches to do the same.  Several Phillies players held their bats like machine guns, aimed them at Jackie and made gun noises.  The intensity of the abuse was well beyond what the Dodgers had suffered in any other city.  Chapman was criticised by the Dodgers, the press and the Phillies management.  Chapman was quick to say that he was only doing what had been done to all players, trying to get an advantage by "bench jockeying" and refused to admit he had targeted Jackie more intensely than he would have done to any other rookie.  The Phillies management was ready to fire Chapman immediately.  Chapman offered to apologize to Jackie and had Harold Parrott ask Jackie to help him out by taking some pictures together for the press.  To his credit Jackie agreed and photos of the two of them with uncomfortable smiles appeared in the papers the next day.  The only thing that Jackie insisted on for the apology was that Chapman come over to the Dodgers dugout to apologize.  The incident did nothing to change Chapman's outlook on life.

Herb Pennock:
Herb Pennock was a legend in Philadelphia. Known as "the Squire of Kennett Square" where he grew up, Pennock was signed by Connie Mack in 1912 and pitched for Mack's 1914 AL Champion Athletics. When Mack dumped payroll after the World Series loss, Pennock went on to pitch for the Red Sox until that team shifted most of their best players to the Yankees and he moved to New York in 1923. He was the star pitcher in the Yankees first World Series win. At the time Jackie came into the league Pennock was the General Manager for the Phillies and was ready to fire Ben Chapman after the ugly incident. Only Chapman's "apology" to Jackie saved his job.

Eddie Dyer
As a rookie manager in 1946 Eddie Dyer led the Cardinal to a first place tie with Brooklyn, a victory over the Dodgers in the first ever National League playoff series and a seven game World Series win over the Red Sox. Leading into opening day 1947 , Dyer had to deal with his players, led by a southern contingent, threatening to go on strike if they were forced to play in the same league as Jackie Robinson. Fortunately for Dyer, NL President Ford Frick ended all of the strike talk quickly by saying that anyone who chose to go on strike in protest of Robinson could stay home because they would not be welcomed back...ever. Following the first series with the Cardinals, Jackie mentioned Eddie Dyer as one of the "swell bunch of guys" who had treated him well.

Stan Musial (Uniform #6 for Cardinals)
Frequent readers who saw the post that was completed at the time of Musial's passing will know that he is generally considered one of the nicest and classiest men to have ever played the game. He was named along with Garagiola and Eddie Dyer as two players treating Jackie well during the Dodgers' first visit to St. Louis. When the Cardinals played the Dodgers in the second series, when Slaughter spiked Jackie and Garagiola had his confrontation with Robinson, Jackie was on first base and was angry. Jackie reportedly said (either to Stan or to the first base coach) "I don't care what happens but when I get down to second base I'm going to kill someone." Musial's response was "I don't blame you. You have every right to do it." Musial's calm, classy response calmed Jackie down.

Joe Garagiola (Cardinals Uniform #17):

Photo Courtesy of Wikipedia

Joe Garagiola was stationed at Fort Reilly with Pete Reiser when Jackie was told he would "have to go play for the black team".  There is no documentation that I have found to detail Joe's reaction. Garagiola's portrayal in the movie could go one of two ways.  Following the Dodgers' first visit to St.Louis in 1947 Jackie singled out several players as having treated him very well and being "swell guys".  Garagiola was one he singled out as being in that group.  The second time the Dodgers faced the Cardinals, during the playoff race, things did not go quite so well.  In the same game that Enos Slaughter spiked Jackie, Garagiola spiked Jackie as he tried to beat out a double play ground ball.  When Jackie came to bat Garagiola, a catcher,  and Robinson had a heated conversation, leading to Garagiola taking off his mask and the two exchanging words face to face. Garagiola forever denied that the spike was intentional and it is possible that Jackie overreacted to an accidental spiking, having been viciously spiked earlier in the game by Slaughter, not knowing that Garagiola was just running out a ground ball.  Garagiola was a childhood friend of Yogi Berra, both growing up in the St. Louis area.  Joe is best known for his humor and his career as an announcer after his playing days.  Garagiola had a thick, identifying accent and was the voice of the baseball and the World Series on NBC for nearly twenty years.  His last World Series broadcast was in 1988.  Garagiola was a television figure for decades hosting several game shows, appearing on the Today Show as a regular host and a fill in host for Johnny Carson.  During one 1968 hosting stint, filling in for Carson, Garagiola welcomed John Lennon and Paul McCartney to The Tonight Show.  It was the only appearance of any Beatles (as Beatles or later as solo artists) on The Tonight Show.  Garagiola continued broadcasting after leaving NBC and spent time on broadcast teams for the Angels and Diamondbacks.  Just over a month ago, February 22, Garagiola officially retired.

Billy Herman (Uniform #11 for Pirates)
Billy Herman was a great second baseman for the Cubs. A seven time All Star in Chicago and team leader for the Cubs' 1932, 1935 and 1938 World Series teams, the Dodgers made a trade for Herman early in 1941 and the double play combination of Herman and Reese helped lead the Dodgers to their first World Series since 1920. Herman hated Branch Rickey and was traded to the Braves midway through the 1946 season (the final straw that sent Herman packing is debated). In 1947 Herman was in his last year of his career and was playing for the Pirates. He is mentioned very little in connection with Robinson that I am aware so it is unclear if he will be one of the Pirates vocally against Jackie or one who showed concern when he was hit by Ostermuller.

Fritz Ostermuller (Uniform # 21 for Pirates)
When the Dodgers first faced the Pirates in 1947, the Pirates were a divided team among themselves, which likely explains why they ended so low in the standings that year (62-92, last place, 32 games behind the Dodgers).  Ostermuller was not happy that Jackie was in the league and took the opportunity to show Jackie what he thought. The first pitch was up and in, aimed right at Jackie's head.  Jack was able to get his arm up to deflect the ball but fell to the ground and was in severe pain.  His Dodgers teammates came to his defense and challenged Ostermuller, several Pirates players also showed some concern.  Later in the season, when Jackie stole home for the first time in his career, it was against Ostermuller. In that same series in Brooklyn Jackie homered off Ostermuller.

Kirby Higbe (Uniform #13 for Pirates)
Kirby Higbe was a southern born pitcher known to his teammates as Kirby "F'ing" Higbe because as soon as he checked into a hotel on the road he would call room service and announce "This is Kirby F***ing Higbe in room 205.  Send up...".  He would then charge the laundry list of items to the team.  When Dixie Walker asked players to sign a petition to keep Jackie off the team Higbe reluctantly signed.  A few days later he was having a few beers with Harold Parrott and his guilt got the best of him.  He let Parrott know of the planned revolt leading Rickey and Durocher to react.  His involvement led Rickey to trade Higbe to the Pirates, along with several players including future long time manager Gene Mauch (not in any way involved in the petition but just a very interesting side note), in exchange for Al Gionfrido.  Gionfrido would be one of Jackie's biggest supporters in the clubhouse and would make one of the greatest catches in World Series history in the 1947 World Series.  Higbe's part was not over.  The day before Ostermuller threw at Jackie, Higbe started against the Dodgers.  Pee Wee Reese led off the game and the first pitch was identical to the one Ostermuller sent at Jackie the day before, although Reese was not hit by the pitch.  Most believed it was because Pee Wee had refused to sign the petition but there could have been deeper bad feelings between the two as they were long time teammates.  Reese stepped back into the box and sent the second pitch of the game out of the park for a home run.

"Young" Ed Charles:
Ed Charles is listed on the IMDB cast page as "young Ed Charles" in the movie.  Charles would have been a week away from turning 14, growing up in Daytona Beach, FL, when the Dodgers opened the 1947 season.  Charles went on to be a pretty good player on some very bad teams.  He was drafted by the Braves in 1952 but would be moved to the Athletics organization before the Braves became consistent National League contenders.  He would play for the Athletics during the bad Kansas City years and then would be moved to the comical Mets.  Charles was still with the team when the  "Miracle Mets" won the 1969 World Series.  Ed Charles is still active in the baseball community and is very well respected.  He will likely be utilized to portray the doors that were opened to the youth of the country because of the success of Branch Rickey's plan and Jackie's hard work.

CHARACTERS NOT LISTED BUT LIKELY APPEARING OR BEING REFERENCED:
Hank Greenburg (Uniform #5 for Pirates)

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

Hank Greenberg was one of the greatest players the American League had ever seen and ranks along with Ty Cobb as the best player in Tigers history.  He won two American League MVP's and was a war hero.  After the 1946 season the Tigers traded the great First baseman to the Pirates.  He had no intention of going to the NL and planned to retire.  He was convinced by Bing Crosby, owner of the Pirates, to play for one season.  During the Pirates series with Brooklyn, when Jackie was on first base, Greenberg gave Jackie plenty of encouragement.  Having suffered years of abuse for his Jewish background Greenberg empathized with what Jackie was experiencing.  Greenberg offered to take Jackie out to dinner after the game but Jackie declined saying he was afraid it would put Hank in a bad position.

Bob Feller (Indians Pitcher) 

Photo Courtesy of Sports Illustrated

Bob Feller was one of the best pitchers in the history of the game  When he was asked how he felt about Robinson he said that he did not think he would make it in the majors because "he's all tied up in the shoulders" referring to Jackie's awkward almost lunging swings at times.  He was not the only one who felt Jackie's mechanics at the plate would make him an easy out.  Feller said that he doubted Jackie would have even been given a chance to play if he had been a white man.  A few months later he would be teammates with Larry Doby.

Dan Bankhead (Uniform # 23 for Dodgers)
Midway through the season when it was clear that Jackie was a success Rickey wanted to expand the experiment to cement the idea that this was for real and not just a stunt or gimmick.  On August 26th Rickey signed Dan Bankhead of the Negro League's Memphis Red Sox.  Bankhead made his debut on August 26th and was the second African American player to play in the National League.  He was not nearly as successful as Jackie.  He pitched in 18 innings with no record but an ERA of 7.20.  He finished his career in 1951 with a career 9-5 record and a 6.52 ERA.

Larry Doby (Uniform #14 for Indians):

Photo Courtesy of Bleacher Report

It would be an interesting study to try and figure out what makes one person successful and another less successful under the same adverse conditions.  Larry Doby became the first African American to play in the American League on July 5, 1947, just a few months after Jackie Robinson debuted for the Dodgers.  Doby did not have the support (of management or teammates) or the personality of Robinson.  While Robinson and Rickey understood that always keeping quiet and not fighting back his first year in the league would help him in the long run, Doby was often angry, morose and distant.  Doby did not get the following or the attention that Robinson did and was often portrayed in books and newspaper articles as bitter.

Bill Veeck:

Bill Veeck owned several teams over the years and was always looking for ways to bring fans into the seats.  When he owned the Browns he hired a midget, Eddie Gaedel, to pinch hit for one game.  Later, when he owned the White Sox, he came up with Disco Demolition night and the players wearing shorts instead of the traditional pants.  Before Branch Rickey came up with the idea of breaking the color barrier, Veeck had planned to buy the Phillies and fill the starting lineup with African American players.  When Commissioner Landis learned of Veeck's plan he made sure the Phillies were sold to someone else.  As the owner of the Indians, Veeck was able to break the color barrier in the American League by signing Larry Doby. 

Buck O'Neil:

Photo Courtesy of Buck O'Neil

Of all the people who deserve to be in the Hall of Fame but are not, Buck O'Neil tops the list.  He never played in the major leagues, never managed in the major leagues but he was one of the greatest ambassadors the game has ever had.  Buck was Jackie's manager when he played for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro Leagues.